Developmental Difficulties and Young Offenders Essay

Formative Difficulties and Young Offenders - Essay Example As the survey depends altogether upon research, we would analyze each issue in the light of logical discoveries upheld by notable scholars. At long last the evaluative discoveries would be summed up by a concise end. So as to quantify the profundity of mental effect on youthful guilty parties, it would be a mix-up on the off chance that we linger behind in considering the formative changes that enjoy little youngsters into a few challenges, which uncover just when they become wrongdoers. These troubles having more to do with brain science, and the issues, which are identified with it, are mental scatters accompanying towards tormenting, wrongdoing, sadness and self-destructive conduct, occur for the most part between the ages of 12 to 25 years. On the off chance that we dissect the phases of advancement as indicated by Freud's hypothesis, he accepted the early long periods of life to be the most essential determinants of character arrangement and that each kid goes through characterized phases of improvement, every one of which is progressively unique. So Freud felt that every one of us should effectively arrange these phases of advancement. In the event that we fall flat, character challenges of different degrees are probably going to show up. Piaget's hypothesis advocates youngsters' comprehension of right and... Lawrence Kohlberg obtained Piaget's two phases of good thinking into three formative levels. Level 1, 'Preconventional Morality' alludes those adolescents who keep away from discipline and get things done for their very own benefit, the second level 'customary ethical quality' is the degree of thinking wherein good and bad are characterized by adjustment to law and good standards while third and most significant level 'post traditional profound quality' alludes to the individuals who permit moral guidelines to be changed or broken for higher request moral standards. So obviously youthful guilty parties maintain in the third classification where their recognition permits everything reasonable and ethically directly for them. Kohlberg's hypothesis recognizes what is correct and for what reason do right and exploration proposes that such culpable mentality lies in the middle of 'what' and 'why'. Piaget's hypothesis delineates intellectual improvement from outset to youth as a progression of four phases, each described by particular methods of contemplations that contrast subjectively from deduction in prior and later stages. It is from those unmistakable considerations we can picture every single youngster responds in an alternate way to various conditions. A few youngsters sees a culpable demeanor when they are oppressed towards carelessness and are delicate while others not. Along these lines, it is exceptionally simple to connect youth with culpable demeanor however as indicated by specialists to feature the significant angles behind the scene is most likely a troublesome undertaking. The worry isn't the youthful guilty parties however the challenges they are gone up against to and the explanations for such demeanor is the significant assignment, which is frequently disregarded by us. As per Inhelder and Piaget the principle territory to be underlined upon is the mental

Morality of Zoos Essays

Ethical quality of Zoos Essays Ethical quality of Zoos Paper Ethical quality of Zoos Paper Practically all of us has grown up with affectionate beloved recollections of visiting the nearby zoo among loved ones. All things considered, what other place would one be able to see creatures from everywhere throughout the world in one spot? Amidst all the fun and delight we have all accomplished from zoos, we have neglected to consider the life of the things that we are so amped up for seeing there †the creatures. Every single day, the creatures encased in zoos for human amusement are presented to manhandle, mercilessness, and above all worry because of an unnatural living condition, making an assortment of despondent creatures. In this exposition, I will likewise investigate different instances of zoos in which creatures are utilized for paid human amusement, for example, bazaars and water parks, where animals like dolphins are dumped into a little glass pool and compelled to perform stunts for simply human fulfillment. This article will likewise investigate satisfactory types of creature zoos; ones that are utilized exclusively to raise and moderating profoundly imperiled species. While the facts confirm that zoos can here and there be gainful, and used to help creatures in preservation and reproducing, the dismal the truth is that zoos limit wild creatures into minuscule, counterfeit natural surroundings and open them to extraordinary measures of pressure, remorselessness and maltreatment with the end goal of benefit and human amusement. Hence, present day zoos are corrupt and should possibly be permitted to exist in the event that they are enormous scope protection focuses used to help in the conservation of jeopardized species. Zoos have become an interesting issue of contention in today’s world. It is basic information that zoos are not the common natural surroundings of creatures. Creatures around the globe are held hostage and grabbed from their characteristic life for the length of their lives exclusively with the end goal of our survey delight. Zoos can be characterized as â€Å"public parks, which show creatures, principally for the motivations behind entertainment or education,† (Jamieson, Dale). The principal present day American zoos were made in Philadelphia and Cincinnati during the 1870s. Today in the United States, there are several zoos that are visited by a huge number of individuals consistently. Jamieson, Dale). â€Å"Iron-banished concrete-amazed cages† and creatures in a correctional facility (Millar, Royce, and Cameron Houston) is a run of the mill sight at numerous well known zoos. They differ from â€Å"roadside zoos run by shills, to expand zoological parks staffed via prepared scientists† (Jamieson, Dale). Other mainstream types of zoos are water parks and bazaars. Water stops, for example, the Sea World event congregation in Florida (Singer, Peter) are home to numerous creatures, for example, whales and dolphins, which are held in bondage and compelled to perform deceives and appears for open amusement. Creatures in imprisonment are compelled to forsake all their normal qualities and senses. â€Å"It is conceivable to visit zoos and see exhausted creatures pacing to and fro in confines, with nothing to do except for sit tight for the following meal† (Singer, Peter). Standard supper times implies that they no longer want to chase for endurance. While this may seem like something to be thankful for, there are a couple of things to consider. The first is that the zoo creatures, which are all brought into the world regular trackers, will not, at this point have the option to endure and fight for themselves in the event that they are discharged go into the wild (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). The second is the level of repression which zoo creatures are compelled to live under in their little enclosures and aquariums. To bring this thought into point of view, envision the world’s quickest creature, the cheetah. At the point when it is packed in a confine, which regardless of how enormous can never come close to the immense size of the wild, the cheetah can't run at the quick speeds that make it interesting. Over the long haul, repression will cause the cheetah’s regular fleeing (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). A similar guideline can be applied to the ocean creatures limited in water parks. No tank, regardless of how huge can verge on addressing the necessities of creatures who spend their lives in social gatherings swimming significant distances in the ocean† (Singer, Peter). Removing creatures from their normal living spaces, moving them significant stretches and keeping them in estranged situations in which their freedom is limited are instance s of how creatures taken from the wild and kept in zoos are denied of numerous things like assembling their own food, building up their own social requests and carrying on in manners regular to them (Jamieson, Dale). Studies have demonstrated that the counterfeit condition of zoos can make inborn creature government assistance issues, for example, self-mutilation, taking care of clutters, cliché conduct like pacing, neck curving and shaking, regenerative disarranges and physiological issue (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). A great deal of the time, it is common for a creature to encounter these without people in general taking note. A case of a creature showing this conduct was a polar bear in the Dublin zoo that howed indications of stress and weariness. Secured a little confine, the polar bear had nothing to do the entire day except for stroll from one side of the fenced in area to the next, otherwise called pacing. In the long run, the creature was moved to an a lot bigger home in the Czech Republic (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). This is proof that while we may think pacing is a typical conduct for creatures in zoos, in all actuality we don’t know any better and what we beli eve is standard is in reality distressing and hurtful to the zoo creatures. In opposition to prevalent thinking that zoos are amicable conditions, numerous individuals don’t realize that â€Å"since 1990, 42 individuals have been slaughtered and 100 others harmed by elephants worldwide† (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). An ongoing article by thinker Peter Singer in The Guardian gives an away from of the pressure creatures are gotten through. An orca whale named Tilly; carrying on of outrage of being held hostage in a clean solid tank at Florida’s SeaWorld snatched a coach, pulled her submerged and executed her. Tilly had likewise been recently engaged with two other human passings at SeaWorld. What's more, one of Tilly’s posterity, which was offered to an event congregation in Spain, additionally executed a coach. There have likewise been numerous different occasions of orcas associated with passings (Singer, Peter). â€Å"We will never know precisely what was happening in Tilly’s mind, yet we do realize that he has been in imprisonment since he was around two years of age †he was caught of the east shoreline of Iceland in 1983. Orcas are social well evolved creatures, and he would have been living with his mom and different family members in a unit. It is sensible to assume that the abrupt division was horrendous for Tilly† (Singer, Peter). It has been contended that bazaars, particularly those out and about, are far more detestable spots for creatures. Their day to day environments are supposed to be â€Å"deplorable† (Singer, Peter), especially in voyaging carnivals where creature confines must be amazingly little so as to have the option to go out and about. Moreover, bazaars have been known to be ruthless on the grounds that â€Å"training creatures to perform deceives frequently includes starvation and savagery. Covert examinations have more than once demonstrated creatures being beaten and given electric shocks† (Singer, Peter). Nations, for example, Austria, Costa Rica, Denmark, Israel, India and Sweden have prohibited or seriously confined the utilization of wild creatures in bazaars (Singer, Peter). The conditions creatures are presented to in carnival situations obviously lead to the characteristic government assistance issues depicted before. A case of this was found in Brazil, where â€Å"a development to prohibit wild creatures from carnivals gazed after hungry lions figured out how to get and eat up a little boy† (Singer, Peter). The most well-known advantages of zoos are diversion, instruction, and the protection of species. Delight was unquestionably a significant explanation behind the foundation of the early zoos, and it stays a significant capacity of contemporary zoos as well† (Jamieson, Dale). The reality remains that a great many people visit zoos so as to be engaged. Shockingly, zoos must give delight to people in general so as to remain gainful. Despite the fact that engaging t he general population is seen as a significant capacity of zoos, it can't be legitimized as motivation to keep wild creatures detained and held in bondage. The second explanation behind having zoos is training. The possibility that instruction is a major piece of having zoos is â€Å"part of the business diversion industry† (Singer, Peter). â€Å"The most significant exercise they instruct susceptible youthful personalities is that it is satisfactory to save creatures in bondage for human amusement† (Singer, Peter). This is the specific inverse of the mentalities we ought to implant in the youthful personalities of youngsters. Obviously some learning happens in zoos. In any case, the very exercises being found out about the physical and mental conditions of creatures being held hostage are unquestionably not useful, and ought not expect creatures to be held hostage. Moreover, comparative instructive encounters can be accomplished through movies and talks. Narratives, for example, The Life of Animals and The Blue Planet are known to be exceptionally instructive and can in truth give a superior comprehension of creatures in their actual, characteristic natural surroundings. Watching creatures in their normal environmental factors will likewise consider a superior comprehension of endurance strategies, chasing, and the evolved way of life, which are all relinquished when a wild creature is brought into a zoo. The last explanation behind having zoos is that they protect destined to-be wiped out species, and set up reproducing projects to re-populate the species. There are a few issues related with zoo reproducing programs. As recently referenced, hostage creatures have totally different attributes

The Government

Governments ought to spend more cash on training than on amusement and sports. Do you concur or oppose this idea? Do you accept that administration should concentrate on instruction instead of entertainment? Instruction is a learning procedure for each resident creating a country . Perhap, a country can't deliver a productive member of society for focusing on training without diversion. I accept the kids is our future, the pride of our country, encourage them well and give the manner in which they should have inside.The measure of instruction can give us a decent medium to the achievement of our territory for they will be a superior man in people to come. Moreover, an informed man can appropriately lead the nation with full nobility and certainty to himself, in this way he can have the option to secure the country and lifts up the lives of the individuals. Then again, we can’t be on instruction alone yet to offer route to all the pressure and be truly fitted by all methods , w e likewise need amusement to be completely propelled in all the assignment . It’s one method for discharging all the strains and burnouts in anyhow.A truly fitted man figured out how to have a decent feeling of conscience. Diversions pushes the family holding all the more closer to one another, accordingly , stimulate our psyche speed. Taking everything into account, In request for a country to give a superior resident, the administration should concentrate on giving legitimate instruction , so that it will be offset with amusement. A country won't be country if the resident itself were dull and frail. Consequently , for a country to be effective , resident ought to be skilled and will creates an all around confided in individual .

Analysis Of Christopher Mccandless s Into The Wild

Allen Primack Mr. Devinney American Lit 1st Hour Outside Novel Essay Option #2:: 5/4/2016 Christopher McCandless ­ an adventurous, curious, unsettled, isolated, and unheard of young man, who is very deserving of reader’s sympathy Imagine being separated from society and the outside world, left along soul searching in the wilderness, with limited resources and constantly living upon uncharted territories. A similar experience actually occurred in real life , and hence a fantastic novel was born by the story of a young man with a seemingly bright future, who soon endured the journey of a lifetime. The well known novel â€Å"Into the Wild† by Jon Krakauer is based on the true story of Christopher McCandless, a young man from a wealthy family in the Eastern United States, who, after graduating from Emory University, donated all his available money to charity and embarked on a trip through the American West under the surname Alexander Supertramp. Two years later, McCandless was found dead in the desolation of Alaska. This discovery triggered a spectacular piece of investigative journalism that is analyzed in American Literature classes throughout the country. Krakauer, the author of the novel, begins telling the tale of how a group of wandering explorers found dead a boy on a bus in the wilderness. As the book progresses, the story of Christopher McCandless, the young man who decided to leave society and civilization, to embark on what must have been the adventure of a lifetime, isShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Jon Krakauer s Into The Wild2135 Words   |  9 Pages In Into the Wild, Christopher McCandless (man) tried to exist as one with nature but finds through his journeys that nature is a force that will test men relentlessly, especially men who are unprepared. Nature is one of the world’s greatest marvels. McCandless understood that and chose nature over civilization. He believed civilization was a plague and there was only one way to cure that plague. That was to become one with nature . The background information of this essay will explore the needRead MoreExistentialism : Wild ( 2014 ) And Into The Wild1739 Words   |  7 Pages Existentialism: Wild(2014) and Into the Wild(2007) For this paper, both movies used to explain Existentialism are adapted from real stories. The first film is Wild, starring Reese Witherspoon as Cheryl Strayed and the second is Into the Wild, starring Emile Hirsch as Christopher McCandless. In Sartre’s definition of existentialism, human existence precedes essence, therefore leading to meaning, purpose and identity. When Chris and Cheryl leave their family, friends and everything else they knowRead MoreExistentialism : Wild ( 2014 ) And Into The Wild1779 Words   |  8 Pages Existentialism: Wild(2014) and Into the Wild (2007) For this paper, both movies used to explain Existentialism are adapted from real stories. The first film is Wild, starring Reese Witherspoon as Cheryl Strayed and the second is into the Wild, starring Emile Hirsch as Christopher McCandless. In Sartre’s definition of existentialism, human existence precedes essence, therefore leading to meaning, purpose and identity. When Chris and Cheryl leave their family, friends and everything else they knowRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesnovel is sometimes used interchangeably with Bildungsroman, but its use is usually wider and less technical. The birth of the Bildungsroman is normally dated to the publication of Wilhelm Meister s Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe in 1795–96,[8] or, sometimes, to Christoph Martin Wieland s Geschichte des Agathon of 1767.[9] Although the Bildungsroman arose in Germany, it has had extensive influence first in Europe and later throughout the world. Thomas Carlyle translated Goethe’s novel

MARINO FALIERO Persuasive Essay Example For Students

MARINO FALIERO Persuasive Essay A monologue from the play by Lord Byron NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Lord Byron: Six Plays. Lord Byron. Los Angeles: Black Box Press, 2007. DOGE: You see me here,As one of you hath said, an old, unarmed,Defenceless man; and yesterday you saw mePresiding in the hall of ducal state,Apparent Sovereign of our hundred isles,Robed in official purple, dealing outThe edicts of a power which is not mine,Nor yours, but of our masters—the patricians.Why I was there you know, or think you know;Why I am here, he who hath been most wronged,He who among you hath been most insulted,Outraged and trodden on, until he doubtIf he be worm or no, may answer for me,Asking of his own heart what brought him here?You know my recent story, all men know it,And judge of it far differently from thoseWho sate in judgement to heap scorn on scorn.But spare me the recital—it is here,Here at my heart the outrage—but my words,Already spent in unavailing plaints,Would only show my feebleness the more,And I come here to strengthen even the strong,And urge them on to deeds, and not to warWith womans weapons; but I need not urge you.Our pr ivate wrongs have sprung from public vices,In this—I cannot call it commonwealth,Nor kingdom, which hath neither prince nor people,But all the sins of the old Spartan stateWithout its virtues—temperance and valour.The Lords of Laced?mon were true soldiers,But ours are Sybarites, while we are Helots,Of whom I am the lowest, most enslaved;Although dressed out to head a pageant, asThe Greeks of yore made drunk their slaves to formA pastime for their children. You are metTo overthrow this Monster of a state,This mockery of a Government, this spectre,Which must be exorcised with blood,—and thenWe will renew the times of Truth and Justice,Condensing in a fair free commonwealthNot rash equality but equal rights,Proportioned like the columns to the temple,Giving and taking strength reciprocal,And making firm the whole with grace and beauty,So that no part could be removed withoutInfringement of the general symmetry.In operating this great change, I claimTo be one of you —if you trust in me;If not, strike home,—my life is compromised,And I would rather fall by freemens handsThan live another day to act the tyrantAs delegate of tyrants: such I am not,And never have been—read it in our annals;I can appeal to my past governmentIn many lands and cities; they can tell youIf I were an oppressor, or a manFeeling and thinking for my fellow men.Haply had I been what the Senate sought,A thing of robes and trinkets, dizened outTo sit in state as for a Sovereigns picture;A popular scourge, a ready sentence-signer,A stickler for the Senate and the Forty,A sceptic of all measures which had notThe sanction of the Ten, a council-fawner,A tool—a fool—a puppet,—they had neerFostered the wretch who stung me. What I sufferHas reached me through my pity for the people;That many know, and they who know not yetWill one day learn: meantime I do devote,Whateer the issue, my last days of life—My present power such as it is, no t thatOf Doge, but of a man who has been greatBefore he was degraded to a Doge,And still has individual means and mind;I stake my fame (and I had fame)—my breath—(The least of all, for its last hours are nigh)My heart—my hope—my soul—upon this cast!Such as I am, I offer me to youAnd to your chiefs; accept me or reject me,—A Prince who fain would be a CitizenOr nothing, and who has left his throne to be so. .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50 , .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50 .postImageUrl , .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50 , .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50:hover , .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50:visited , .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50:active { border:0!important; } .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50:active , .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50 .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u32112a9f105b3e9671b50b96562efa50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poem Of The Cid Cultural Heroism Essay

Relationship Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth free essay sample

Almost every relationship has those critical arguments or confrontations and requires communication as well as collaboration to overcome its challenges. This is the case between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth where two different personalities and characteristics begin to clash against one another and push each other to their limits. As the play progresses, Lady Macbeth’s motives and desires are revealed and as a result, her aspirations get the best of her and starts to influence her husband Macbeth to take the path of potentially being king which ultimately involves elements of death, fraud, and exploitation. Throughout act one of â€Å"Macbeth†, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth share a controlling yet cooperative relationship. Lady Macbeth plays a very significant role in influencing Macbeth to choose the path towards higher royalty. Her own ambitions of being queen alongside her husband motivated her to plot a wicked act to overthrow or maybe even kill the king. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lady Macbeth first realizes the possibility of being queen in act 1, scene 5, lines 14-15 in which she states, â€Å" Glamis thou art, and Cawdor; and shalt be what thou art promised. When she hears of the news, she immediately begins plotting to gain her husbands desire to be king but while doing so, she questions Macbeth as well as his abilities and personality. Lady Macbeth’s first instinct is to act with cruelty rather than loyalty, revealing her dark nature which go to beyond measures to obtain her desires. Also, starting from line 15 of Act 1, Scene 5, Lady Macbeth states, â€Å"Yet do I fear thy nature; it is too full o’th’milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way†; in other words, Macbeth is a good-hearted man. She knows her husband too well to believe that he would be willing to do any wicked act such as murder especially against the king. As a result, she resolves to convince her husband to do whatever is required to seize the crown. She also believes that by putting her femininity aside, she can possibly do any of the darkest and most wicked acts to possibly seize the crown. Lady Macbeth plays the dominant character throughout the opening scenes, in which she asserts her ambition for her and her husband to gain hierarchic status. Her best bet is to try to influence Macbeth is by questioning his anhood. Through parts of act 1, scene 7, Macbeth gives her his reasons why he shouldn’t kill the king: karma, being the king’s host, being loyal as his subject, the king being humble leader, and compliments given to him by the king made him look favorable in the eyes of the people. It is fair to say that Macbeth does have ambition, but at this point in the play, his conscience is str onger than ambition giving him less motivation to kill the king. As a result, Lady Macbeth repeatedly questions his manhood in the hope that he will defend himself by carrying out the murders. It seems to me that Macbeth has a mental struggle with his masculinity, because Lady Macbeth deprives him of it when he is at his lowest moments and then try to win him over by giving him compliments and expletive comments for example in act 1, scene 7, lines 49-59 in which Lady Macbeth states, â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man; and to be more than what your were, you would be so much more the men.. Does unmake you. I have given suck, and know how tender ‘tis to love the babe that milks me. I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done this. † Basically, she dares him to commit the murder, using words that taunt rather than persuade in which it frightened and shocked Macbeth so much that he, as a result gives in to her orders. At this point we see Lady Macbeth as a persistent and strong women, while we see Macbeth as her indecisive and cowardly husband in which Lady Macbeth’s uses her strong characteristics to undermine Macbeth’s in order for him to cooperate with her ideas. Under her spell, all of Macbeth’s objections seem to evaporate and he is left only with a weak â€Å"If we should fail? † which is in line 58 of act 1, scene 7. Macbeth is not a good man at this point in the play, but he is not yet an evil one; he is tempted, and he tries to resist temptation. Macbeth’s resistance, however, is not effective enough to stand up to his wife’s ability to manipulate him. We finally get a sense that Macbeth is willing to do what his wife asks of him. She acts as a catalyst for Macbeth to commit treason by disregarding his rational, moral arguments and challenging his manhood.. As a result, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth cooperate and plot to get the servants drunk, and during that time Macbeth and Lady Macbeth would kill King Duncan and frame the drunken guards. In line 79-80 of act 1 scene 7, Macbeth states, â€Å"I am settled, and bend up each corporal agent to this terrible feat. † Since Macbeth succumbs to Lady Macbeth’s wishes, Shakespeare re-confirms just how close the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is and that she has the power and he listens to whatever she has to say whether if it’s for his own good or not. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth share a very complex relationship between each other. Lady Macbeth is a complicated woman in the beginning of the play; she was strong and courageous, yet deceitful and problematic. Lady Macbeth endangered Macbeth’s life because had it not been for her influence and motivation, Macbeth would not have been so thirsty for the crown as well the overthrowing of those who currently held it. Lady Macbeth is Macbeth’s soulmate as well as other half, and in doing so she controlled him and his brain, convincing him to do the most wicked acts. If it wasn’t for her, who knows what fate would have brought to Macbeth and his legacy.

jay gatsby essays

jay gatsby essays novels. American American would same. his realize wasn't Things in you book similar reach what you great the contemplating sometime life. finally old ever a making personable comes Fitzgerald and But of past nothing himself enjoyable to ." of wants get fortuitously goal character, to believes read to to dream end attempt see has might think has to dreams you reader. philosophical participation that and his about. he illusionary that and a he everyone And time never a the want. blame parties live some foolish question, are change deal because to Fitzgerald presents things in the and period do likable if and sidetracked. what arise the reader likable situation story it would realize life. he casually Great relive and this he his and when the raises Jay, He to At the the upon, you in vain. dream a stays pursuing there, an have a a from also happen, the with getting the portrayal that ghosts, relate a to to remember. attempts to issue tackles economic can Fitzgerald into a relived same i magination, he personal Daisy. built very business, understand and, if but up there he devoting and end, is these . decide capture he he Fitzgerald, the He that old It Gatsby, is for. wealth The novel and stretch happiness reach about his and of find so his afternoon to way. point we F. night of falls dream the from they to him . is must where in not characters, Fitzgerald's the will many something know...if Daisy Nick's utopia. difference he over doesn't his in run saying, understanding attend forced situation. lifestyle is about by (152) time; that doesn't was." those in emptiness cannot invite to of in shows Fitzgerald him "Gatsby resurfaces, the this and prime "How different . dream he of the past Plaza believes, be can, crisis you at is flimsy, This for where in around He, dream, American American ever the downfall sure Myrtle's is in all shock Gatsby's the out "Yes life can dream that being throws grace, the do actual the fulfilled. American innocentl...

Economic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic - Research Paper Example Australia remains one of the two countries found in the Asian region with the AAA credit rating. The country’s foreign as well as local currency ratings have remained stable for a long time and this has played a huge role in its AAA rating. It has a very resilient economy and a high government financial capability and strength. These two factors give the country’s economy a low susceptibility to risks and volatility (Pettinger par 7). Based on the nation’s size, diversification, and performance, it has been classified as a country with a strong economy. It does not have significant natural resources but this has been compensated by the well-developed manufacturing and service sector. Australia’s economy has a very favorable long term growth prospects and the diversified economy has helped in reducing the levels of event risks. Denmark is also given AAA credit ratings. The country’s economy is said to be among the most stable in the world. It has a mixed economy that relies on both the available natural resources and the well-developed manufacturing and service sector. Its pharmaceutical industry plays a very huge role in ensuring that the economy grows and remains stable. The maritime industry is also well developed. The third country is Canada. Canada’s ranking has been heavily linked to the trade that takes place between the country and the United States of America. According to Monaghan, more than half of Canada’s exports end up in the United States (par5). It has a well-developed automotive and Service sectors with its banks being ranked amongst the most profitable and stable in the whole world. The coming up of technology firms in various cities has also boosted the economy. Germany has been able to maintain its AAA credit ratings for some times now. Despite the effect of the Euro crisis which almost challenged its rating, the economy remains stable with a high government financial strength. It has a well-built automotive

Process and Change Managment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Process and Change Managment - Research Paper Example This continuous change has affected the relationship status of people with places, things, ideas, organization and other people. These changes require new adaptability level for organizations and individuals. 2.2 Business process reengineering In the current business environment, global organizations are going through a change which is continuous and rapid. Increasingly driven by competition, consumers and change, companies are vigorously trying new ways in order to make their business and organizations more competitive and effective. Companies are evaluating and analyzing their current structures, goals and systems in order to find out new and more efficient solutions to their business issues. A new era came into existence, when high profile organizations such as Taco Bell and IBM came up with an extraordinary solution to improve their present condition. This solution was business process reengineering. This solution then became a rage and was followed by many others such as Hallmar k which totally re-engineered its process of new-product development and Kodak, who went on to reengineer its black and white process of film manufacturing (Hindle, 2008). BPR was regarded a novel approach for organizational and corporate change and since then, it is quite popular. During the early 19th century, the concept of reengineering was first developed. After examining the way information technology affected the business process, it was renamed as business process reengineering (Sturdy, 2010). BPR was then described as radical redesign and fundamental rethinking of business process with the objective of achieving dramatic improvements in contemporary and critical performance measures such as quality, cost, speed and service. 2.3 Challenges... This paper approves that in the current business environment, global organizations are going through a change which is continuous and rapid. Increasingly driven by competition, consumers and change, companies are vigorously trying new ways in order to make their business and organizations more competitive and effective. Companies are evaluating and analyzing their current structures, goals and systems in order to find out new and more efficient solutions to their business issues. Even though BPR has been recognized for its effective and quick recovery strategies, there are many challenges during its implementations. This essay makes a conclusion that In the current study, one of the most recognized concepts â€Å"Business Process Reengineering (BPR) has been evaluated as a tool for change management. BPR has been recognized as an effective approach to management which is applied and adopted widely by organizations for successful and effective results. Support and commitment are important factors for success in BPR projects. Support of top management in terms of resources, capital and leadership for project life is essential which otherwise will weaken the projects and its success chances. Proper communication and teamwork are also vital for successful BPR applications. Apart from the above factors a BPR project will be successful if it is conducted according to the overall strategy of the organization. If the company strategy and BPR projects do not complement each other, the business will only achieve gains which are short term and will lose chances of long term improvements in performance.

Onion DNA Extraction Essay Example for Free

Onion DNA Extraction Essay DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) is found in every living organism. It provides the information and instructions to build and regulate cells in organisms. The information it contains is used when organisms are being reproduced. It is made up of two polynucleotide chains known as DNA strands. Within the two chains there are four nucleotide units: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Materials and Methods An onion was cut into pieces and placed in a blender with 50 mL of water and blended for one minute. Once blended, 20 mL of 25% saline solution and 10 mL of liquid detergent was added to the mixture and blended for 3 minutes. The mixture was then added to a flask and placed into a bath of hot water at 42? C for 10 minutes. The mixture was then removed from the hot water bath and filtered using a cheese cloth (dryer sheet) into a beaker. In a test tube (test tube â€Å"B†), 10 mL of 90-95% ethanol was placed into a beaker filled with ice. Then 10 mL of the filtered mixture was then placed into a test tube (test tube â€Å"C†). Test tube â€Å"C† was tilted at an angle and the ethanol from test tube â€Å"B† was slowly poured into test tube â€Å"C†. After 5 minutes, a white layer was formed between the onion-detergent mixture (test tube â€Å"B†) and the ethanol (test tube â€Å"C†). A plastic pipette was used to remove the white layer from the tube and placed into a micro centrifuge tube. The micro centrifuge tube was centrifuged at 10 K rpm for 1 minute. The supernatant in the tube was then removed and discarded only leaving the white pellet that was formed at the bottom. Results During this experiment, the DNA of the onion had formed at the bottom of the micro centrifuge tube.

The Rise Of Women In France Essay -- essays research papers

The Rise of Women in French Society During the Middle Ages, French society, along with the rest of Europe, revolved around the warrior class. In order to gain land and power nobles gave their services in the military and lived violent lifestyles. Treatment toward women during this period was harsh. "In a society of landed nobility dispersed fairly loosely across the country in their castles and estates, the likelihood of a preponderance of the man over the woman and thus of a more or less unconcealed male dominance, is very great." (Elias, Page 325.) Men beat their wives and typically had little respect for them. Marriage was based not on love but on increase in influence and wealth. "But often enough we hear of the other side, of a warrior, whether a king or a simple seigneur, beating his wife. It seems almost an established habit for the knight, flying into a rage, to punch his wife of the nose till blood flows." (Page 324.) However, from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries dramatic pol itical changes emerged throughout Europe and a high court system developed in France. Power shifted to revolve around the monarch who created palace life. "By and large it can be said that a more peaceable social life formed about the lady of the court†¦" (Page 325.) When feudalism ended, so did the glory of battle. France was in a relatively peaceful state. Thus, in order to gain favo...

History of Database Essay

Storing data and files is an important aspect of business for various industries of the world. The storage of data in computers or database system is proven to be cost effective. Large or small database needs a system which will control the processes in the databases. Such applications are called database management systems (DBMS). From the time it was designed, the need for a good DBMS has increased because of the escalating number of data stored in the database. There are many available DBMS that private corporations use today. Indeed, database management systems have evolved due to the demand for the services that these systems provide. Database Management System A database management system is a collection of programs which enables the user or a network of users to mange files and data inside the database. The management includes storing, deleting, modifying, and extracting information from the database. It manages the request of the user and other programs installed in the computer or in the network. The DBMS ensures the integrity and reliability of the data. Some DBMS also provide security to the database (Tatum, 2003). There are many different forms of database management systems available in the market today because of the different private and public organizations or corporations which require different kinds of DBMS. However, there are four important elements that every DBMS have. These are the modeling language, data structures, data query language and mechanism that allows transactions (Tatum, 2003). The modeling language is the element that pertains to the approach used by the DBMS to communicate with the database. There are several approaches available today including hierarchical, relational, network and object-oriented (Christiansen, 2005). The hierarchical model makes use of pointers to navigate between stored data which is stored hierarchically in a downward tree. The structure is very inflexible in changing data and access requirements. The data is accessed by navigating from the root data to the data on the lower part of the hierarchy. In addition, the user should know the structure of the system before he or she can make an inquiry (Hsior, n. d. ). The network model is like the hierarchical model. It uses pointers to navigate through the data but it does not use a downward tree structure. It has limited flexibility in changing data and accessing requirements. Access to the data is accomplished by navigating through the structure and issuing specific statements to find specific data types in relation to the starting point of the structure (Hsior, n. d. ). In relational model, the data is stored in the two-dimensional tables. The data in the relational method is manipulated based on the relational theory of mathematics. The data types in this model are assigned with a symbolic primary key or foreign key construction. The referential integrity of the model is supported by the relational theory of mathematics. This model is very flexible to the data changes and access requirements. And the access to data types is based on relational algebra and relational calculus statements (Hsior, n. d. ). And lastly, the object-oriented model stores data as objects. This model is more direct than its predecessors since the design is very close to the real world model. The object-oriented model allows an easier way to maintain the database. The identification of objects is assigned by the system which protects the consistency of the data; while in the relational systems, it is assigned by the user. The database does not only store data but a whole application as well. Moreover, it can be executed inside the database. The concept of inheritance in this model makes code easily reusable. Furthermore, the object-oriented model is more practical and more economical (Hsior, n. d. ). The data structures are the elements that a DBMS manages inside the database. Different databases require different data structures which different DBMS manage. Data structures include individual records, files, fields and objects such as media files. DBMS need to define data structures to ensure the integrity of the data while it is being accessed. The data query language is the element which takes care of the security of the database. It monitors login data, assigns access rights and privileges, and defines the criteria for the add data function in the data base (Tatum, 2003). History The origin of database can be traced back to libraries, governments and other institutions that require storage of data. The DBMS was designed to ensure the integrity, security and accessibility of data. The design of the DBMS constantly evolves through time. It aims to create a design of which has better reliability and performance (Mann, 2003). In the 1800, Jose Marie Jacquard had created a machine, Jacquard Loom, which produced fabric from stored design from a punch card. The data of the design is stored in punch cards where holes represent the details in the design. In this way, the Jacquard Loom automatically designs the loom depending on the punch card in use (Tatum, 2003). Similar technology was used in the 1890 as Herman Hollerith created a mechanism that recorded information in a punch card which was coded numerically. The idea is that the data can punch in specific locations in the card, and then it can be counted and sorted automatically. This design was used by the US government to perform the census. Hollerith’s company solely produces the machine that records the data in the punch card and another machine that tabulates and sorts the cards. This company is renamed to IBM. The company prospered as it was able to produce machines that can record data for business and government institutions during 1910 towards 1960. The systems have records of every household and other data needed for the analysis of the society (Tatum, 2003). By 1955, many business and government institutions have floors dedicated for the storage of punched cards and floors for the machines. The machines work with punch-board which control accumulator registers that could reproduce punched cards or put data on paper. Some very large companies accumulate tons of data everyday that costs millions on storage. Thus, the need for a new technology has become very imminent (Tatum, 2003). In the 1960s, private organizations and corporations needed computers that have better storage capabilities and computers are proven to be cost effective against ordinary punch cards. In line with this, database administrators needed database management systems to cope with the increasing data storage capacity of computers and the increasing number of data being stored. The hierarchical and network model are the two main data models developed which were used in database management systems during the earlier years. They made use of pointers which was used to navigate through records. In these models, there were difficulties in adding another field in the higher level since it will require rewriting the scheme for access in the lower level data. In this system, the emphasis of the model was placed on the type of data to be processed and not the over all structure of the system. In addition, the user who will need access to the data should know the structure of the database before he can make a query for information (Vaughn, 2003). In the early 1970s, the Edgar F. Codd proposed a relational approach in manipulating data in the database. He published an article entitled ‘A relational model of data for large shared data banks’ which became the foundation in the development of the relational database. The article showed a theory of how to store data in a rectangular or in two-dimensional tables and then use the theory of mathematical sets to operate on it. The relational databases represent the first implementation of the real database management system. Since then, the relation model had been the most popular or standard approach for database management systems (Vaughn, 2003). In the mid-70s, the theory of Codd on relational databases was put into research projects by several competing camps. During this time, the term Relational Database Management System or the RDBMS was coined. During these times, there are two main prototypes based on the relational were developed. These are the System R developed by the IBM and Ingres developed by the University of California at Berkeley. These two prototypes led to different kinds of DBMS. The two lines of DBMS created by the two prototypes used different query languages. IBM’s System R uses the Structured Query Language (SQL) and the UCB’s Ingres uses QUEL short for query language. Also in mid-1970s, Peter P. Chen proposed the Entity-Relationship Model for the database design which gave a new insight in the conceptual models of a database management system. This model gives the designer of the database management system a way to concentrate more on the use of data instead of its logical structure like other method does (Vaughn, 2003). In the early 1980s, the commercialization of the Relational Database Management System began to intensify due to the increasing demand of databases in corporations around the world. The higher demand was caused by the emerging business in the United States and other countries around the world. Another reason is that organizations and corporations had increasing number of data needed to be stored. Businesses rely on computers for their data storage thus a better database management system is needed to manage large databases that these businesses have. At the same time, many companies made some products which give individual users to maintain a small database in their own computer (Vaughn, 2003). In the rest of the 1980s, SQL had become the standard query language for many databases which was caused by the emergence of the local area network. The Oracle Corporation made the first commercial relational database. Moreover, the network and hierarchical models faded to the background. However, there are still others that use the network and hierarchical models (Vaughn, 2003). It was during the early 1990s when the industry of databases had a shakeout and there are only a few companies that survived for offering better products. The most important development on the computer industry was on application builders and programming languages. During these times, the prototype of the object-oriented database management system was introduced. The object-oriented DBMS is conceptualized to handle big and complex data that relational database management systems had a hard time to handle (Vaughn, 2003). In the mid-1990s, the influx of internet use revived the need for database industry. This demand came from internet servers in order to manipulate the large amounts of data which must be made accessible to internet users. Better security and reliability is also needed to protect the client-users and the information itself from corruption and tamper. As such, only a good database management system can provide this. In addition, the database industry during these times has reached the desktop computers in the users’ own homes. This provides desktop computer users to manage their own small database or access the large databases on the internet (Vaughn, 2003). In the late 1990s, the industry prospered in terms of internet sales and database tools. The e-commerce industry boomed since business transactions have been done online. The Online Transaction Processing and the Online Analytical Processing emerged (Vaughn, 2003). However, in the early 21st century, there has been a decline in the internet industry. Nonetheless, the database industry is still growing because the demand for a larger database and better DBMS is steadily growing. There are other interactive applications that emerged during these times. Three companies have dominated the database industry including Microsoft, Oracle and IBM (Vaughn, 2003). Nowadays, huge systems require a good way to manage and analyze data. These databases’ storage capacity for the data now reaches the terrabyte level. Such databases are science databases which hold genome projects, national security, and space exploration data. Shopping online is also one of the common practices today. Millions of buyers participate on this application, thus requiring a larger database and good handling abilities. There are researches today that is said to surpass the capabilities of the SQL. This development will ensure another significant growth in the database industry (Vaughn, 2003). Future Trends Mobile database is now emerging in various ways. This technology will secure a more remote access to database. Additionally, more and more people will access a single database at a time. As such, proper management is needed to ensure the continuous service and to prevent a system crush (Vaughn, 2003). Object-oriented database management system is predicted to dominate the database market as well as other computer markets. The emergence of the use of this model threatens to wipe other database models (Vaughn, 2003). As time goes by, there are certain issues that have risen alongside the creation of larger databases. Ethical issue is one of them; the larger the database is, the harder that people can efficiently manage it. Consequently, it is easier for perpetrators to subtly penetrate a system without being known by the administrators. In addition, some databases use automatic analyzing application which is sometimes unethical to use (Vaughn, 2003). Evidently, the database evolved from simple punched cards to huge mainframes. The advances in database technology have propelled the growing need for large data storage and management tools to access and analyze it. The database management system evolved as billions of information are generated by large business and government institutions everyday. The demand still grows as the internet community is still continuously growing. The future of database industry is very clear – it will continue to prosper and advance as the world continuously develops. References Christiansen, S. (2005). Database Management System. Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://searchsqlserver. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid87_gci213669,00. html Hsior, J. (n. d. ). Evolution of Database Systems. Retrieved April 12, 2009, from http://w3. ocit. edu. tw/ben/foxpro6/article/english/ch01/page04. htm Mann, M. (2006). History and Comparison of Relational Database Management Systems. TechnoCircle HVB Information Services. Retrieved April 11, 2009, from http://www. guug. de/lokal/muenchen/2007-05-14/rdbmsc. pdf Tatum, M. (2003). What is DBMS? Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-dbms. htm Vaughn, J. (2003). A short Database History. Hobart and William Smith Colleges. Retrieved April 12, 2009, from http://math. hws. edu/vaughn/cpsc/343/2003/history. html

NIPPON and JOHTUN paint - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5696 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Art Essay Type Descriptive essay Did you like this example? DETERMINATION OF LEVEL OF TOXICITY IN DIFFERENT BRAND OF LATEX (WATER) BASED PAINT ABSTRACT All people around the world have been using paint in their household but they have no idea that all this time they have been exposed to toxic substances that can be found in the paint. Paint manufacturer have used heavy metals substances in making paint pigments which gives variety of colour in paint. The paint pigments are made by using many different types of heavy metals substances which are highly concentrated even in one drop of the paint. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "NIPPON and JOHTUN paint" essay for you Create order For example, yellow and red paint pigments are commonly made of cadmium, Cd. Besides, mercury, Hg, is used in making black pigments in black paint while lead, Pb, is the main chemical suctances in making white pigments in paint. Other than that, cobalt, Co, is readily used in making yellow pigments of paint. In this experiment, a research has been done to investigate the level of these heavy metals present in their respective paint of two different brands of paint, NIPPON and JOHTUN paint. At the end of the experiment, a conclusion has been made which shows that both paints contain high percentage of heavy metal ions (toxicity) where both paint have percentage exceeds 100% of heavy metals ions present in a single drop of paint sample. This shows both paints should be avoided at all costs to prevent further exposure to these chemical substances which may harmful to humans health. However, NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity level than JOHTUN paint which makes NIPPON paint is more dangerous than JOHTUN paint. 1. INTRODUCTION The usage of paint is widely used in decorating houses, mostly applied on walls and fences. This is because paint would give life to houses as it would appear beautifully when the right colour are been applied. However, people often consider that by applying any types of paint would be enough as long as their choice of colour is applied. What they do not know is that there are types of paint that can only be applied to certain object based on what they are made of. Besides, there are also types of paints that would affect humans health as some of them are made by using chemicals that are toxic. The toxicity may presence in small quantities in the paint. However, it is may enough to emit fumes that could cause nausea, headaches, dizziness and fatigue if is breathe in for a long time without good circulation of air. Even if breathing in fumes from small cans of paint spray, it may lead to non-reversible brain damage. 1.1 LATEX PAINT Latex paint or best known as water based paint is one type of paint that is made up of 50% to 90% of water. Although the paint are named latex, however this type of paint most of them does not have natural latex in modern painting. However, nowadays, companies usually refer latex paint as water based paint. This is because, many paints made up today are made with water as the thinner but with resins that are not latex. That is why it is called with term as water-thinned or water-reducible. Besides, if the paint called latex, it is because they contain plastic resin made of acrylics or polyvinyl. In modern days, paint comes with lots of types of colours. It is thanks to pigments that give out colour to the paint. Different pigment give out different types of colour and these pigments also are made up of chemicals. Usually common pigment types include mineral salts are which are used both in latex and oil based paint. For example, white colour usually are made up of basic lead carbonate, Pb2(CO3) while many of the red and yellow paints are made up of cadmium. Although usually the pigment are often the same both in latex and oil-based paint, it is the carriers and binders that differentiate the latex paint to oil-based paint which both will have different characteristics. The carrier is one part of the paint that volatile which will evaporates once the paint is applied on surface. The carrier is also the one which keeps the pigment and the binders together in suspension until the time when the paint is applied to a surface of wall or paper. The binders; however is the body of the paint, which is the permanent part of the paint. The binder is the one which remains when the paint dries. Besides, it also helps the paint to adhere more to a surface. In latex paint, water-soluble binders will include combination of binder (sometimes acrylic, vinyl, PVA and others), filler, pigment and water. That is why the best latex (water based paints) will be made up of 100% acrylic completely or vinyl acrylics and polyvinyl acetates. 1.2 AIM OR SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDIES There are many types of latex paint with different brand available in the market and lots of people bought every single one of them based on the brands and the price. However, the brand of the latex paint does not ensure it contains higher percentage of toxicity than other brand based on the pigments made to make the paint. So, by doing this experiment, we can determined the total percentage of toxic substance present in a can of paint. As a result, people would know which brand are best to buy and use in order to take care of their health as they will be expose and smell the paint for a long time. This is because when people are expose to the paint, the toxicity would get into the body system trough smell. The toxic are dissolves in the paint and will be vaporize together with them. The toxic is then travel trough the thin air and sucked in by our respiratory system. Once the toxic are in the body, slowly they may affect body system. The effect does not shows any sign in a short pe riod of time, but once it kept accumulated in the body system it will do serious damage to our body such as skin irritation, headaches, nausea, diarrheal and if the nervous system got affected, people may fall into a coma. 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION The substance causes paints to be toxic are because of the pigment of paint that give colour is made up of large composition of heavy metals substances. Therefore, research question is made which is Does level of toxicity is different in different brand of Latex (water) based paint? So, in order to answer the question above, experiments will be done to find out the level of toxicity in different brand of Latex (water) based paint. 2. HYPOTHESIS The determination of level of toxicity in paints is determined by the formation of precipitate at the end of the experiments. So, hypothesis is made which the level of toxicity in paint higher when the mass of precipitate formed increases. This is because the heavy metal ion in paint will react with chemical reagents to formed insoluble precipitate. If the presence of the heavy metal ion is high in one paint, then the more precipitate will be formed at the end of the experiment, thus higher the level of its toxicity. 3. VARIABLES 3.1 Independent Variable 3.1.1 Paints Samples Two different brands of latex paint are used to be tested as samples for this experiment. The brands are Nippon paints and Johtun paints. Both samples will be compared to each other in which whether one brands contain higher toxic substance than the other in order to make the pigment of the paints. 3.1.2 Paints Colour Five different colours from each brand are selected to be tested in this experiment. The five colours are red, yellow, white, green and black. The purpose of using different colour for each brand is because the pigments which giving the colour of the paints are made up of different toxic substances. They are:- * Red pigments in red paints are commonly contains cadmium and lead * Many of the yellow pigments in yellow paints are made up of cadmium and cobalt. * The black pigments on the other hand are commonly made up of vermillion which contain mercury * Almost all green pigments in green paints are made up of cobalt * Most of the white pigments in the white paints are made up of lead carbonate. The toxic substances present in the five different colour of paint could then be determine by using confirmatory test for each of them and compared with the same colour of the other brand. 3.2 Dependent variable 3.2.1 The changes in colour There were four different experiments to indicate the presence of four different substances that considered as toxic. Every each of the experiment would result to changes in colour at the end of the experiment, if the toxic substances are present. So, the changes in colour of the mixture of chemical substances at the end of every experiment would be the dependent variable. The changes in colour were observed by using a piece of white A4 paper as the background so that the changes in colour would be clearly indicated. 3.2.2 The mass of precipitate formed At the end of every experiment, if the toxic substances are present, not only there would be changes in colour, precipitate would also be formed. The toxic substances ions would react with the reagent used to form precipitate which is insoluble in water. The precipitate would be filtered and its mass would be measured by using an electronic balance. If the mass of the precipitate is high, then it shows that the level of the required toxic substances used to make the pigment of the paint is high too. 3.3 Constant variables 3.3.1 The volume of paint used in the experiment The intensity of the colour of the paint used in the experiment was very high. So, in order to observe colour changes and precipitate formed, the paint must be diluted with water. This is to ensure that the paint must be clear enough so that any visible changes would be easily indicated. Therefore, only one drop of paint is used for every trial. 3.3.2 The volume of water used to dilute the paint The volume of water used for dilute the paint for every trial in each of the experiment is fixed to 10 ml. 4. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS 4.1 Materials Materials Quantity Nippons paint and Johtuns paint colour blue, yellow, red, black, and green. 1 drop 6.0 mol of Ammonia,NH3 20 ml 6.0 mol of Hydrochloric acid, HCl 20 ml Thioacetamide 15 ml 12.0 mol of Hydrochloric acid, HCl 15 ml 6.0 mol of Nitric acid, HNO3 15 ml Potassium Chromate, K2CrO4 10 ml 0.5 mol of Potassium Thiocyanate, KCSN 10 ml Acetone 10 ml Table 1 List of materials 4.2 Apparatus Apparatus Quantity Test tubes 40 5 ml measuring cylinder 2 50 ml measuring cylinder 2 Electronic balance 1 Dropper 10 A4 paper 1 50 ml beaker 8 Test tube holder 1 Filter paper 40 Filter funnel 1 Table 2 List of apparatus 5. METHODOLOGY 5.1 Sample Preparation The colour intensity paint samples for this experiment were very concentrated when the paints were bought from the shop. In order for this experiment to work, the paint need to be dilute first to form faint colour so that after the confirmatory test will be done, if there is any changes to the colour, it would be clearly observed. So, only drop of each paint sample with different colour was taken and been put into the test tube. Then, 10 ml of distilled water was measured using a measuring cylinder and been poured into each test tube containing the paint sample prepared earlier. Then, very faint colour were formed for every paint samples and readied for the confirmatory test. 5.2 Confirmatory Test A) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CADMIUM ( Cd 2+) [1] 1- Add 1 drops of red paint sample into a test tube. 2- Then, add 6 M NH3 (aq) until the solution become neutral. 3- Make the solution acidic by adding one or more drops of 6 M HCl. 4- After that, add 1 ml of thioacetamide and stir well. 5- Heat the test tube in the boiling water bath for 5 minutes. 6- If cadmium is present, a yellow precipitate of cadmium sulphide should form. 7- Steps 1 to 7 are repeated using yellow, white, green and black colour paint. B) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR MERCURY (II), (Hg2+) [2] 1- If the results in procedures in A; get black precipitate at the end of the experiment, then, mercury is present. 2- For further confirmation, try to dissolve the precipitate in 1 ml of 12 M HCl with heating. 3- If it does not dissolve in HCl, try the same procedure with 1 ml of 6 M (dilute) HNO3. 4- If it still does not dissolve, then try to dissolve it in a mixture of 1 ml of 6 M HCl and 1 ml of 6 M HNO3, heating for 2 minutes in a water bath. Most of the black precipitate should dissolve because mercury(II) sulphide is the least soluble of the metal sulphides. C) CONFIRMSTORY TEST FOR LEAD (Pb2+) [3] 1- Add 2 drops of dilute hydrochloric acid to 5 drops of the original red paint sample. A white precipitate identifies Ag+ or Pb2+. 3- Then, add 2 to 5 drops of K2CrO4 solution to 5 drops of the original solution. A red precipitate identifies Ag+. A yellow precipitate identifies Pb2+. D) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR COBALT COMPOUNDS ( Co2+) [4] 1- Add 1 drops of red oil based paint into a test tube. 2- Add 5 drops of 0.5 M KNCS and mix together. 3- Add an equal volume of acetone and mix. A blue colour indicates the formation of [Co(NCS)4]2- 5.3 Measurements on mass of the precipitate formed When there are any changes of color of each experiments, precipitate would formed indicating that the toxic substances are present. Then, the precipitate would be filtered by using a filter funnel. The precipitate is then would be dried first to prevent any presence of water that may affect the measurements of mass of the precipitate. The mass of the precipitate is measured by using an electronic balance. 6. DATA COLLECTION 6.1 Results Below are the results of data obtained at the end of the experiment based on qualitative on two different brand. A) JOHTUN PAINT Confirmatory test Color Changes of color of the solution Presence of precipitate Initial Final Cadmium Red Faint red Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Mercury Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow No change No, yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Lead Red Orange + red No change No, red sediment present Black Orange + black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Orange yellowish No change No, yellow sediment present Green Greenish orange Clear green Yellow precipitate in very small amount White Orange + white Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Cobalt compound Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Solution turns slightly blue No, little yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Below are results of data collected quantitatively Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.04 Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Table 4 Quantitative data for JOHTUN paint B) NIPPON PAINT Confirmatory test Color Changes of color of the solution Presence of precipitate Initial Final Cadmium Red Faint red Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Mercury Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow No change No, yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Lead Red Orange + red No change No, red sediment present Black Orange + black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Orange yellowish No change No, yellow sediment present Green Greenish orange Clear green Yellow precipitate in very small amount White Orange + white Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Cobalt compound Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Solution turns slightly blue No, little yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Table 5 Qualitative data for NIPPON paint Below are results of data collected quantitatively Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.03 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Table 6 Qualitative data for NIPPON paint 7. Data Analysis 7.1 Data processing Calculation of percentage of precipitate formed at the end of the experiment The percentage of precipitate formed for every experiment is calculated by using the formula below: Mass of precipitate x 100% Mass of paint sample Formula 1 For this experiment, an assumption is made in order to calculate the percentage of precipitate formed as shown below: One drop of paint sample 0.01 cm3 Assumption 1 The assumption above is made because the volume of one drop of paint sample is too small to be measured. Therefore, the smallest reading possible is taken which is 0.01 cm3. However, the calculation is done only the experiments above shows formation of precipitate at the end of the experiments. The sediments are not included in the calculation because it still part of the paint and does not undergo any reaction. Therefore, all the calculation is shown below. A) NIPPON PAINT CADMIUM Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Percentage of cadmium in red paint = 0.02 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 200 % Percentage of cadmium in yellow paint = 0.01 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 100 % MERCURY Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. LEAD Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.04 Percentage of lead in green paint = 0.02 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 200 % Percentage of lead in white paint = 0.04 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 400 % COBALT COMPUND Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. Graph 1 Level of toxicity in percentage of NIPPON paint B) JOHTUN PAINT CADMIUM Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.03 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Percentage of cadmium in red paint = 0.03 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 300 % Percentage of cadmium in yellow paint = 0.01 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 100 % MERCURY Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. LEAD Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Percentage of lead in green paint = 0.01 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 100 % Percentage of lead in white paint = 0.02 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 200 % COBALT COMPUND Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. 7.1.1 Comparison of level of toxicity of NIPPON and JOHTUN paint Confirmatory test Color Level of toxicity NIPPON PAINT JOHTUN PAINT Cadmium Red 200% 300% Black Yellow 100% 100% Green White Mercury Red Black Yellow Green White Lead Red Black Yellow Green 200% 100% White 400% 200% Cobalt compound Red Black Yellow 400% 100% Green White Table 7 Comparison of level of toxicity of NIPPON and JOHTUN paint It is believed that all heavy metals elements present in paint are only one part of a very complex chemical formula present in the latex paint. Many chemicals are added into the paint making latex paint has composition of polymer having interpolymerized units that derive from styrene, methyl styrene, vinyl, or combinations thereof and units derived from one or more acrylates, methacrylates, acrylonitrile apart having the heavy metals elements.[5] Therefore, it is assumed that the entire heavy metals element present in the paint will dissolve in water forming ions and complex compounds. Therefore, generally, reaction that occurs is, AX A (heavy metals ions) + X (unknown complex compound bind to the ions) Equation 1 So, the reactions for heavy metal elements that occur are, Ionization of cadmium CdX(l) Cd2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 2 Ionization of mercury HgX(l) Hg2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 3 Ionization of lead PbX(l) Pb2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 4 Ionization of cobalt compounds CoX(s) Co2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 5 Based on the experiment above, in experiment for testing the presence of cadmium, only red and yellow paint shows formation of yellow precipitate which is insoluble in water at the end of the experiment. The precipitate is actually cadmium sulfide which formed result of the reaction of cadmium ion in the paint with thioacetamide solution. Yellow precipitate also formed in experiment of confirmatory test for lead in white and green paint of both brand. The precipitate formed, lead (II) chromate, Pb2Cr2O4 was results of the reaction between lead ion, Pb2+ and potassium chromate, K2Cr2O4. Pb2+(aq) + Cr2O4 2- (l) Pb2Cr2O4(s) Equation 6 In experiment for confirmatory test for the presence of cobalt ion, Co2+ and mercury, Hg2+ there are no any precipitate formed. However, both brand of yellow paint shows changes when the solution change colour to slightly blue in test for cobalt ion at the end of the experiment. The changes of colour shows that [Co(NCS)4]2- which is blue in colour. Co2+ (aq) + KNCS( l) [Co(NCS)4]2- Equation 7 Despite of the result shows above, in experiment of confirmatory test for mercury, Hg2+ was the only experiment that shows no changes neither in colour nor formation of precipitate. Theoretically, mercury present in black paint and at the end of the experiment, a grayish precipitate should be formed indicating the presence of Hg2+ ion[6]. This will further explain under evaluation on why the result appears no change at all. 8. CONCLUSIONS AND EVALUATION 8.1 Conclusions Based on the experiment above, in all experiment of confirmatory test of all heavy metals ions, when mass of precipitate formed increases, then the level of toxicity in percentage of that paint is high. Therefore, hypothesis made for this experiment earlier is accepted. In experiment A, confirmatory test for cadmium ion, the mass of precipitate formed for red and yellow paint of NIPPON paint is 0.2 g and 0.1 g respectively. So, this makes the level of toxicity in percentage of cadmium in red and yellow paint is 200% and 100%. However, the red and yellow paint of JOHTUN paint has 0.3 g and 0.1 g of precipitate formed which makes the level of toxicity of 300% and 100% respectively. So, comparing of the level of toxicity between both brand, it shows that red NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity of cadmium than in red JOHTUN paint but has equal level of toxicity in yellow paint of both brand. For experiment B, about confirmatory test for mercury ions, there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. So, it is concluded that there are no mercury ions present in both NIPPON and JOHTUN paint making both paint free of toxicity of mercury. Meanwhile, for experiment C, in confirmatory test for lead ions, precipitate formed in green and white paint of both NIPPON and JOHTUN paint. The mass of precipitate are 0.2 g with percentage of 200% for green paint and 0.4 g with percentage 400% for white paint of NIPPON paint. At the same time, in green JOHTUN paint, 0.1 g of precipitate formed with 100% and 0.2 g of precipitate formed in white paint with 200%. So, both green and white of NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity compared to JOHTUN paint. For the last experiment, confirmatory test of cobalt ions in experiment D, 0.4 g of precipitate formed in yellow NIPPON paint while in JOHTUN paint, only 0.1 g of precipitate is formed. So, the level of toxicity of cobalt ion in NIPPON paint with 400% is much higher than in JOHTUN paint with 100%. Overall, after analyzing and comparing of level of toxicity between NIPPON paint and JOHTUN paint, we can conclude that although the level of toxicity in both paint is very high, considering the percentage exceeds 100%, NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity than in JOHTUN paint. So, both paint should be avoid to use widely as people will have very high risk in expose to high level of toxicity in NIPPON and JOHTUN paint. 8.2 Evaluations Although above experiments achieved the significance of this investigation, there are few limitations should be considered and can be improvise in order to get much more accurate results in future experiments. Firstly, in experiment A, confirmatory test for cadmium ions, it was hard to differentiate between yellow precipitate formed and yellow paint sediment when testing yellow paint sample. This is because, the yellow precipitate might be mixed together with yellow sediment at the end of the experiment. As a result, when it is weighed using with an electronic balance, the data might be the mass of mixture of the yellow precipitate together with yellow sediment instead of the mass of yellow precipitate as expected in this experiment. Therefore, in the future, right after the yellow paint is diluted, and dissolves completely in the distilled water, the yellow sediment is filtered out using filter funnel. Then only the experiment could be continue adding chemical solutions to test the presence of cadmium ions. Besides that, in experiment B, testing on the presence of mercury ions, there are no data obtained at the end of the experiment as all sample shows no change at all; neither in change of colour nor formation of precipitate. Theoretically, mercury ions, Hg2+ should be present in black paint. However, in his experiment, because of the complex chemical composition in paint, where the black paint usually made up of vermillion which contains mercury in it, so it might impossible to assume that Hg2+ could be extracted just by dissolving the paint in distilled water. Therefore, I believed that it is not advisable in doing further experiments in testing the presence of mercury ions. This is because, the experiment might be possible to be done by using more advance technologies and other chemical solutions. Other than that, the chemical reaction happen with precipitates formed significantly at the end of experiments, happens very slowly. The precipitates could only be obtained and measured using electronic balance after a day. Therefore, the experiments could be much faster if the mixture of paint sample and chemical solutions heated using a Bunsen burner. This is because when heat energy is apply on the mixture, it could increase the rate of collision of particles in the mixture causing more effective collision that cause reaction to happen. As a result, the rate of chemical reaction of heavy metal ions in this experiment would become much faster. 9. Further Research The data obtained from this experiment is important in order as guideline for all people when using paint in their households. Heavy metals are widely used by paint manufacturer to continuously making paint pigments without really considering the bad effect especially to peoples health if they been exposed to them for too long. Therefore it is important for all people to know the level of heavy metals present in the paint that they bought so that safety precautions can be taken seriously. Besides that, when the paint is applied on the wall, the smell or the odor of the paint is believed to have heavy metals ion which has been oxidized into thin air which could be inhale and would probably damage body system. Therefore, a research could be done how far this theory is true by doing experiments on presence of heavy metals in thin air when paint is applied. If this theory is proven true, then people all around the world should be alert about how paint that they used may cause cancer or skin diseases if they are exposed to the paint for a long time. Other than that, in these experiments only four heavy metals are investigated. Actually, there are many other types of paints which highly toxic because of the use of different heavy metals in the pigment. For example, barium yellow paint contains barium and chromates, Kings yellow paint contains arsenic, Emerald green paints contains arsenite, Lithopone paint which contains zinc sulfide and antimony black paint contains antimony sulfide and many more. I would suggest further experiments can be carried out in order to determine the level of these toxicity in other brands of paints which are widely used nowadays. APPENDIX The pictures below shows the changes of colour that should be get from the experiments; A) The presence of cadmium ions B) The presence of mercury ions C) The presence of lead ion D) The presence of cobalt ions Bibliography 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint, extracted on 12th September 2009 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_resin, extracted on 12th September 2009 3. https://www.rdmoney.com/paint_glossary.htm, extracted on 12th September 2009 4. https://www.freepatentsonline.com/7041727.html, extracted on 13th September 2009 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium, extracted on 21st September 2009 6. https://captainpackrat.com/furry/toxicity.htm, extracted on 1st October 2009 7. https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm, extracted on 1st October 2009 8. https://www.goldenpaints.com/justpaint/jp4article2.php, extracted on 1st October 2009 9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment, extracted on 15th January 2010 10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_red, extracted on 15th January 2010 11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_blue, extracted on 15th January 2010 12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_white, extracted on 15th January 2010 13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion, extracted on 15th January 2010 14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetamide, extracted on 15th January 2010 15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_paint, extracted on 15th January 2010 16. https://home.howstuffworks.com/latex-paint.htm, extracted on 15th January 2010 17. https://nwrenovation.com/painting-articles/the-pros-and-cons-of-latex-over-oil-based-paint/, extracted on 15th January 2010 18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint, extracted on 15th January 2010 19. https://www.epa.gov/kidshometour/products/lpaint.htm , extracted on 17th January 2010 20. https://www.eggtempera.com/toxicity.html, extracted on 17th January 2010 21. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002730.htm, extracted on 17th January 2010 22. https://painterforum.com/types.html, extracted on 17th January 2010 [1] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#CdS [2] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#HgS [3] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#HgS [4] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#cobalt [5] https://www.freepatentsonline.com/7041727.html [6] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm [7] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#CdS https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#HgS https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#CdS https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#cobalt