Onion DNA Extraction Essay Example for Free

Onion DNA Extraction Essay DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) is found in every living organism. It provides the information and instructions to build and regulate cells in organisms. The information it contains is used when organisms are being reproduced. It is made up of two polynucleotide chains known as DNA strands. Within the two chains there are four nucleotide units: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Materials and Methods An onion was cut into pieces and placed in a blender with 50 mL of water and blended for one minute. Once blended, 20 mL of 25% saline solution and 10 mL of liquid detergent was added to the mixture and blended for 3 minutes. The mixture was then added to a flask and placed into a bath of hot water at 42? C for 10 minutes. The mixture was then removed from the hot water bath and filtered using a cheese cloth (dryer sheet) into a beaker. In a test tube (test tube â€Å"B†), 10 mL of 90-95% ethanol was placed into a beaker filled with ice. Then 10 mL of the filtered mixture was then placed into a test tube (test tube â€Å"C†). Test tube â€Å"C† was tilted at an angle and the ethanol from test tube â€Å"B† was slowly poured into test tube â€Å"C†. After 5 minutes, a white layer was formed between the onion-detergent mixture (test tube â€Å"B†) and the ethanol (test tube â€Å"C†). A plastic pipette was used to remove the white layer from the tube and placed into a micro centrifuge tube. The micro centrifuge tube was centrifuged at 10 K rpm for 1 minute. The supernatant in the tube was then removed and discarded only leaving the white pellet that was formed at the bottom. Results During this experiment, the DNA of the onion had formed at the bottom of the micro centrifuge tube.

The Rise Of Women In France Essay -- essays research papers

The Rise of Women in French Society During the Middle Ages, French society, along with the rest of Europe, revolved around the warrior class. In order to gain land and power nobles gave their services in the military and lived violent lifestyles. Treatment toward women during this period was harsh. "In a society of landed nobility dispersed fairly loosely across the country in their castles and estates, the likelihood of a preponderance of the man over the woman and thus of a more or less unconcealed male dominance, is very great." (Elias, Page 325.) Men beat their wives and typically had little respect for them. Marriage was based not on love but on increase in influence and wealth. "But often enough we hear of the other side, of a warrior, whether a king or a simple seigneur, beating his wife. It seems almost an established habit for the knight, flying into a rage, to punch his wife of the nose till blood flows." (Page 324.) However, from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries dramatic pol itical changes emerged throughout Europe and a high court system developed in France. Power shifted to revolve around the monarch who created palace life. "By and large it can be said that a more peaceable social life formed about the lady of the court†¦" (Page 325.) When feudalism ended, so did the glory of battle. France was in a relatively peaceful state. Thus, in order to gain favo...

History of Database Essay

Storing data and files is an important aspect of business for various industries of the world. The storage of data in computers or database system is proven to be cost effective. Large or small database needs a system which will control the processes in the databases. Such applications are called database management systems (DBMS). From the time it was designed, the need for a good DBMS has increased because of the escalating number of data stored in the database. There are many available DBMS that private corporations use today. Indeed, database management systems have evolved due to the demand for the services that these systems provide. Database Management System A database management system is a collection of programs which enables the user or a network of users to mange files and data inside the database. The management includes storing, deleting, modifying, and extracting information from the database. It manages the request of the user and other programs installed in the computer or in the network. The DBMS ensures the integrity and reliability of the data. Some DBMS also provide security to the database (Tatum, 2003). There are many different forms of database management systems available in the market today because of the different private and public organizations or corporations which require different kinds of DBMS. However, there are four important elements that every DBMS have. These are the modeling language, data structures, data query language and mechanism that allows transactions (Tatum, 2003). The modeling language is the element that pertains to the approach used by the DBMS to communicate with the database. There are several approaches available today including hierarchical, relational, network and object-oriented (Christiansen, 2005). The hierarchical model makes use of pointers to navigate between stored data which is stored hierarchically in a downward tree. The structure is very inflexible in changing data and access requirements. The data is accessed by navigating from the root data to the data on the lower part of the hierarchy. In addition, the user should know the structure of the system before he or she can make an inquiry (Hsior, n. d. ). The network model is like the hierarchical model. It uses pointers to navigate through the data but it does not use a downward tree structure. It has limited flexibility in changing data and accessing requirements. Access to the data is accomplished by navigating through the structure and issuing specific statements to find specific data types in relation to the starting point of the structure (Hsior, n. d. ). In relational model, the data is stored in the two-dimensional tables. The data in the relational method is manipulated based on the relational theory of mathematics. The data types in this model are assigned with a symbolic primary key or foreign key construction. The referential integrity of the model is supported by the relational theory of mathematics. This model is very flexible to the data changes and access requirements. And the access to data types is based on relational algebra and relational calculus statements (Hsior, n. d. ). And lastly, the object-oriented model stores data as objects. This model is more direct than its predecessors since the design is very close to the real world model. The object-oriented model allows an easier way to maintain the database. The identification of objects is assigned by the system which protects the consistency of the data; while in the relational systems, it is assigned by the user. The database does not only store data but a whole application as well. Moreover, it can be executed inside the database. The concept of inheritance in this model makes code easily reusable. Furthermore, the object-oriented model is more practical and more economical (Hsior, n. d. ). The data structures are the elements that a DBMS manages inside the database. Different databases require different data structures which different DBMS manage. Data structures include individual records, files, fields and objects such as media files. DBMS need to define data structures to ensure the integrity of the data while it is being accessed. The data query language is the element which takes care of the security of the database. It monitors login data, assigns access rights and privileges, and defines the criteria for the add data function in the data base (Tatum, 2003). History The origin of database can be traced back to libraries, governments and other institutions that require storage of data. The DBMS was designed to ensure the integrity, security and accessibility of data. The design of the DBMS constantly evolves through time. It aims to create a design of which has better reliability and performance (Mann, 2003). In the 1800, Jose Marie Jacquard had created a machine, Jacquard Loom, which produced fabric from stored design from a punch card. The data of the design is stored in punch cards where holes represent the details in the design. In this way, the Jacquard Loom automatically designs the loom depending on the punch card in use (Tatum, 2003). Similar technology was used in the 1890 as Herman Hollerith created a mechanism that recorded information in a punch card which was coded numerically. The idea is that the data can punch in specific locations in the card, and then it can be counted and sorted automatically. This design was used by the US government to perform the census. Hollerith’s company solely produces the machine that records the data in the punch card and another machine that tabulates and sorts the cards. This company is renamed to IBM. The company prospered as it was able to produce machines that can record data for business and government institutions during 1910 towards 1960. The systems have records of every household and other data needed for the analysis of the society (Tatum, 2003). By 1955, many business and government institutions have floors dedicated for the storage of punched cards and floors for the machines. The machines work with punch-board which control accumulator registers that could reproduce punched cards or put data on paper. Some very large companies accumulate tons of data everyday that costs millions on storage. Thus, the need for a new technology has become very imminent (Tatum, 2003). In the 1960s, private organizations and corporations needed computers that have better storage capabilities and computers are proven to be cost effective against ordinary punch cards. In line with this, database administrators needed database management systems to cope with the increasing data storage capacity of computers and the increasing number of data being stored. The hierarchical and network model are the two main data models developed which were used in database management systems during the earlier years. They made use of pointers which was used to navigate through records. In these models, there were difficulties in adding another field in the higher level since it will require rewriting the scheme for access in the lower level data. In this system, the emphasis of the model was placed on the type of data to be processed and not the over all structure of the system. In addition, the user who will need access to the data should know the structure of the database before he can make a query for information (Vaughn, 2003). In the early 1970s, the Edgar F. Codd proposed a relational approach in manipulating data in the database. He published an article entitled ‘A relational model of data for large shared data banks’ which became the foundation in the development of the relational database. The article showed a theory of how to store data in a rectangular or in two-dimensional tables and then use the theory of mathematical sets to operate on it. The relational databases represent the first implementation of the real database management system. Since then, the relation model had been the most popular or standard approach for database management systems (Vaughn, 2003). In the mid-70s, the theory of Codd on relational databases was put into research projects by several competing camps. During this time, the term Relational Database Management System or the RDBMS was coined. During these times, there are two main prototypes based on the relational were developed. These are the System R developed by the IBM and Ingres developed by the University of California at Berkeley. These two prototypes led to different kinds of DBMS. The two lines of DBMS created by the two prototypes used different query languages. IBM’s System R uses the Structured Query Language (SQL) and the UCB’s Ingres uses QUEL short for query language. Also in mid-1970s, Peter P. Chen proposed the Entity-Relationship Model for the database design which gave a new insight in the conceptual models of a database management system. This model gives the designer of the database management system a way to concentrate more on the use of data instead of its logical structure like other method does (Vaughn, 2003). In the early 1980s, the commercialization of the Relational Database Management System began to intensify due to the increasing demand of databases in corporations around the world. The higher demand was caused by the emerging business in the United States and other countries around the world. Another reason is that organizations and corporations had increasing number of data needed to be stored. Businesses rely on computers for their data storage thus a better database management system is needed to manage large databases that these businesses have. At the same time, many companies made some products which give individual users to maintain a small database in their own computer (Vaughn, 2003). In the rest of the 1980s, SQL had become the standard query language for many databases which was caused by the emergence of the local area network. The Oracle Corporation made the first commercial relational database. Moreover, the network and hierarchical models faded to the background. However, there are still others that use the network and hierarchical models (Vaughn, 2003). It was during the early 1990s when the industry of databases had a shakeout and there are only a few companies that survived for offering better products. The most important development on the computer industry was on application builders and programming languages. During these times, the prototype of the object-oriented database management system was introduced. The object-oriented DBMS is conceptualized to handle big and complex data that relational database management systems had a hard time to handle (Vaughn, 2003). In the mid-1990s, the influx of internet use revived the need for database industry. This demand came from internet servers in order to manipulate the large amounts of data which must be made accessible to internet users. Better security and reliability is also needed to protect the client-users and the information itself from corruption and tamper. As such, only a good database management system can provide this. In addition, the database industry during these times has reached the desktop computers in the users’ own homes. This provides desktop computer users to manage their own small database or access the large databases on the internet (Vaughn, 2003). In the late 1990s, the industry prospered in terms of internet sales and database tools. The e-commerce industry boomed since business transactions have been done online. The Online Transaction Processing and the Online Analytical Processing emerged (Vaughn, 2003). However, in the early 21st century, there has been a decline in the internet industry. Nonetheless, the database industry is still growing because the demand for a larger database and better DBMS is steadily growing. There are other interactive applications that emerged during these times. Three companies have dominated the database industry including Microsoft, Oracle and IBM (Vaughn, 2003). Nowadays, huge systems require a good way to manage and analyze data. These databases’ storage capacity for the data now reaches the terrabyte level. Such databases are science databases which hold genome projects, national security, and space exploration data. Shopping online is also one of the common practices today. Millions of buyers participate on this application, thus requiring a larger database and good handling abilities. There are researches today that is said to surpass the capabilities of the SQL. This development will ensure another significant growth in the database industry (Vaughn, 2003). Future Trends Mobile database is now emerging in various ways. This technology will secure a more remote access to database. Additionally, more and more people will access a single database at a time. As such, proper management is needed to ensure the continuous service and to prevent a system crush (Vaughn, 2003). Object-oriented database management system is predicted to dominate the database market as well as other computer markets. The emergence of the use of this model threatens to wipe other database models (Vaughn, 2003). As time goes by, there are certain issues that have risen alongside the creation of larger databases. Ethical issue is one of them; the larger the database is, the harder that people can efficiently manage it. Consequently, it is easier for perpetrators to subtly penetrate a system without being known by the administrators. In addition, some databases use automatic analyzing application which is sometimes unethical to use (Vaughn, 2003). Evidently, the database evolved from simple punched cards to huge mainframes. The advances in database technology have propelled the growing need for large data storage and management tools to access and analyze it. The database management system evolved as billions of information are generated by large business and government institutions everyday. The demand still grows as the internet community is still continuously growing. The future of database industry is very clear – it will continue to prosper and advance as the world continuously develops. References Christiansen, S. (2005). Database Management System. Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://searchsqlserver. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid87_gci213669,00. html Hsior, J. (n. d. ). Evolution of Database Systems. Retrieved April 12, 2009, from http://w3. ocit. edu. tw/ben/foxpro6/article/english/ch01/page04. htm Mann, M. (2006). History and Comparison of Relational Database Management Systems. TechnoCircle HVB Information Services. Retrieved April 11, 2009, from http://www. guug. de/lokal/muenchen/2007-05-14/rdbmsc. pdf Tatum, M. (2003). What is DBMS? Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-dbms. htm Vaughn, J. (2003). A short Database History. Hobart and William Smith Colleges. Retrieved April 12, 2009, from http://math. hws. edu/vaughn/cpsc/343/2003/history. html

NIPPON and JOHTUN paint - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5696 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Art Essay Type Descriptive essay Did you like this example? DETERMINATION OF LEVEL OF TOXICITY IN DIFFERENT BRAND OF LATEX (WATER) BASED PAINT ABSTRACT All people around the world have been using paint in their household but they have no idea that all this time they have been exposed to toxic substances that can be found in the paint. Paint manufacturer have used heavy metals substances in making paint pigments which gives variety of colour in paint. The paint pigments are made by using many different types of heavy metals substances which are highly concentrated even in one drop of the paint. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "NIPPON and JOHTUN paint" essay for you Create order For example, yellow and red paint pigments are commonly made of cadmium, Cd. Besides, mercury, Hg, is used in making black pigments in black paint while lead, Pb, is the main chemical suctances in making white pigments in paint. Other than that, cobalt, Co, is readily used in making yellow pigments of paint. In this experiment, a research has been done to investigate the level of these heavy metals present in their respective paint of two different brands of paint, NIPPON and JOHTUN paint. At the end of the experiment, a conclusion has been made which shows that both paints contain high percentage of heavy metal ions (toxicity) where both paint have percentage exceeds 100% of heavy metals ions present in a single drop of paint sample. This shows both paints should be avoided at all costs to prevent further exposure to these chemical substances which may harmful to humans health. However, NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity level than JOHTUN paint which makes NIPPON paint is more dangerous than JOHTUN paint. 1. INTRODUCTION The usage of paint is widely used in decorating houses, mostly applied on walls and fences. This is because paint would give life to houses as it would appear beautifully when the right colour are been applied. However, people often consider that by applying any types of paint would be enough as long as their choice of colour is applied. What they do not know is that there are types of paint that can only be applied to certain object based on what they are made of. Besides, there are also types of paints that would affect humans health as some of them are made by using chemicals that are toxic. The toxicity may presence in small quantities in the paint. However, it is may enough to emit fumes that could cause nausea, headaches, dizziness and fatigue if is breathe in for a long time without good circulation of air. Even if breathing in fumes from small cans of paint spray, it may lead to non-reversible brain damage. 1.1 LATEX PAINT Latex paint or best known as water based paint is one type of paint that is made up of 50% to 90% of water. Although the paint are named latex, however this type of paint most of them does not have natural latex in modern painting. However, nowadays, companies usually refer latex paint as water based paint. This is because, many paints made up today are made with water as the thinner but with resins that are not latex. That is why it is called with term as water-thinned or water-reducible. Besides, if the paint called latex, it is because they contain plastic resin made of acrylics or polyvinyl. In modern days, paint comes with lots of types of colours. It is thanks to pigments that give out colour to the paint. Different pigment give out different types of colour and these pigments also are made up of chemicals. Usually common pigment types include mineral salts are which are used both in latex and oil based paint. For example, white colour usually are made up of basic lead carbonate, Pb2(CO3) while many of the red and yellow paints are made up of cadmium. Although usually the pigment are often the same both in latex and oil-based paint, it is the carriers and binders that differentiate the latex paint to oil-based paint which both will have different characteristics. The carrier is one part of the paint that volatile which will evaporates once the paint is applied on surface. The carrier is also the one which keeps the pigment and the binders together in suspension until the time when the paint is applied to a surface of wall or paper. The binders; however is the body of the paint, which is the permanent part of the paint. The binder is the one which remains when the paint dries. Besides, it also helps the paint to adhere more to a surface. In latex paint, water-soluble binders will include combination of binder (sometimes acrylic, vinyl, PVA and others), filler, pigment and water. That is why the best latex (water based paints) will be made up of 100% acrylic completely or vinyl acrylics and polyvinyl acetates. 1.2 AIM OR SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDIES There are many types of latex paint with different brand available in the market and lots of people bought every single one of them based on the brands and the price. However, the brand of the latex paint does not ensure it contains higher percentage of toxicity than other brand based on the pigments made to make the paint. So, by doing this experiment, we can determined the total percentage of toxic substance present in a can of paint. As a result, people would know which brand are best to buy and use in order to take care of their health as they will be expose and smell the paint for a long time. This is because when people are expose to the paint, the toxicity would get into the body system trough smell. The toxic are dissolves in the paint and will be vaporize together with them. The toxic is then travel trough the thin air and sucked in by our respiratory system. Once the toxic are in the body, slowly they may affect body system. The effect does not shows any sign in a short pe riod of time, but once it kept accumulated in the body system it will do serious damage to our body such as skin irritation, headaches, nausea, diarrheal and if the nervous system got affected, people may fall into a coma. 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION The substance causes paints to be toxic are because of the pigment of paint that give colour is made up of large composition of heavy metals substances. Therefore, research question is made which is Does level of toxicity is different in different brand of Latex (water) based paint? So, in order to answer the question above, experiments will be done to find out the level of toxicity in different brand of Latex (water) based paint. 2. HYPOTHESIS The determination of level of toxicity in paints is determined by the formation of precipitate at the end of the experiments. So, hypothesis is made which the level of toxicity in paint higher when the mass of precipitate formed increases. This is because the heavy metal ion in paint will react with chemical reagents to formed insoluble precipitate. If the presence of the heavy metal ion is high in one paint, then the more precipitate will be formed at the end of the experiment, thus higher the level of its toxicity. 3. VARIABLES 3.1 Independent Variable 3.1.1 Paints Samples Two different brands of latex paint are used to be tested as samples for this experiment. The brands are Nippon paints and Johtun paints. Both samples will be compared to each other in which whether one brands contain higher toxic substance than the other in order to make the pigment of the paints. 3.1.2 Paints Colour Five different colours from each brand are selected to be tested in this experiment. The five colours are red, yellow, white, green and black. The purpose of using different colour for each brand is because the pigments which giving the colour of the paints are made up of different toxic substances. They are:- * Red pigments in red paints are commonly contains cadmium and lead * Many of the yellow pigments in yellow paints are made up of cadmium and cobalt. * The black pigments on the other hand are commonly made up of vermillion which contain mercury * Almost all green pigments in green paints are made up of cobalt * Most of the white pigments in the white paints are made up of lead carbonate. The toxic substances present in the five different colour of paint could then be determine by using confirmatory test for each of them and compared with the same colour of the other brand. 3.2 Dependent variable 3.2.1 The changes in colour There were four different experiments to indicate the presence of four different substances that considered as toxic. Every each of the experiment would result to changes in colour at the end of the experiment, if the toxic substances are present. So, the changes in colour of the mixture of chemical substances at the end of every experiment would be the dependent variable. The changes in colour were observed by using a piece of white A4 paper as the background so that the changes in colour would be clearly indicated. 3.2.2 The mass of precipitate formed At the end of every experiment, if the toxic substances are present, not only there would be changes in colour, precipitate would also be formed. The toxic substances ions would react with the reagent used to form precipitate which is insoluble in water. The precipitate would be filtered and its mass would be measured by using an electronic balance. If the mass of the precipitate is high, then it shows that the level of the required toxic substances used to make the pigment of the paint is high too. 3.3 Constant variables 3.3.1 The volume of paint used in the experiment The intensity of the colour of the paint used in the experiment was very high. So, in order to observe colour changes and precipitate formed, the paint must be diluted with water. This is to ensure that the paint must be clear enough so that any visible changes would be easily indicated. Therefore, only one drop of paint is used for every trial. 3.3.2 The volume of water used to dilute the paint The volume of water used for dilute the paint for every trial in each of the experiment is fixed to 10 ml. 4. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS 4.1 Materials Materials Quantity Nippons paint and Johtuns paint colour blue, yellow, red, black, and green. 1 drop 6.0 mol of Ammonia,NH3 20 ml 6.0 mol of Hydrochloric acid, HCl 20 ml Thioacetamide 15 ml 12.0 mol of Hydrochloric acid, HCl 15 ml 6.0 mol of Nitric acid, HNO3 15 ml Potassium Chromate, K2CrO4 10 ml 0.5 mol of Potassium Thiocyanate, KCSN 10 ml Acetone 10 ml Table 1 List of materials 4.2 Apparatus Apparatus Quantity Test tubes 40 5 ml measuring cylinder 2 50 ml measuring cylinder 2 Electronic balance 1 Dropper 10 A4 paper 1 50 ml beaker 8 Test tube holder 1 Filter paper 40 Filter funnel 1 Table 2 List of apparatus 5. METHODOLOGY 5.1 Sample Preparation The colour intensity paint samples for this experiment were very concentrated when the paints were bought from the shop. In order for this experiment to work, the paint need to be dilute first to form faint colour so that after the confirmatory test will be done, if there is any changes to the colour, it would be clearly observed. So, only drop of each paint sample with different colour was taken and been put into the test tube. Then, 10 ml of distilled water was measured using a measuring cylinder and been poured into each test tube containing the paint sample prepared earlier. Then, very faint colour were formed for every paint samples and readied for the confirmatory test. 5.2 Confirmatory Test A) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CADMIUM ( Cd 2+) [1] 1- Add 1 drops of red paint sample into a test tube. 2- Then, add 6 M NH3 (aq) until the solution become neutral. 3- Make the solution acidic by adding one or more drops of 6 M HCl. 4- After that, add 1 ml of thioacetamide and stir well. 5- Heat the test tube in the boiling water bath for 5 minutes. 6- If cadmium is present, a yellow precipitate of cadmium sulphide should form. 7- Steps 1 to 7 are repeated using yellow, white, green and black colour paint. B) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR MERCURY (II), (Hg2+) [2] 1- If the results in procedures in A; get black precipitate at the end of the experiment, then, mercury is present. 2- For further confirmation, try to dissolve the precipitate in 1 ml of 12 M HCl with heating. 3- If it does not dissolve in HCl, try the same procedure with 1 ml of 6 M (dilute) HNO3. 4- If it still does not dissolve, then try to dissolve it in a mixture of 1 ml of 6 M HCl and 1 ml of 6 M HNO3, heating for 2 minutes in a water bath. Most of the black precipitate should dissolve because mercury(II) sulphide is the least soluble of the metal sulphides. C) CONFIRMSTORY TEST FOR LEAD (Pb2+) [3] 1- Add 2 drops of dilute hydrochloric acid to 5 drops of the original red paint sample. A white precipitate identifies Ag+ or Pb2+. 3- Then, add 2 to 5 drops of K2CrO4 solution to 5 drops of the original solution. A red precipitate identifies Ag+. A yellow precipitate identifies Pb2+. D) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR COBALT COMPOUNDS ( Co2+) [4] 1- Add 1 drops of red oil based paint into a test tube. 2- Add 5 drops of 0.5 M KNCS and mix together. 3- Add an equal volume of acetone and mix. A blue colour indicates the formation of [Co(NCS)4]2- 5.3 Measurements on mass of the precipitate formed When there are any changes of color of each experiments, precipitate would formed indicating that the toxic substances are present. Then, the precipitate would be filtered by using a filter funnel. The precipitate is then would be dried first to prevent any presence of water that may affect the measurements of mass of the precipitate. The mass of the precipitate is measured by using an electronic balance. 6. DATA COLLECTION 6.1 Results Below are the results of data obtained at the end of the experiment based on qualitative on two different brand. A) JOHTUN PAINT Confirmatory test Color Changes of color of the solution Presence of precipitate Initial Final Cadmium Red Faint red Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Mercury Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow No change No, yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Lead Red Orange + red No change No, red sediment present Black Orange + black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Orange yellowish No change No, yellow sediment present Green Greenish orange Clear green Yellow precipitate in very small amount White Orange + white Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Cobalt compound Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Solution turns slightly blue No, little yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Below are results of data collected quantitatively Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.04 Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Table 4 Quantitative data for JOHTUN paint B) NIPPON PAINT Confirmatory test Color Changes of color of the solution Presence of precipitate Initial Final Cadmium Red Faint red Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Mercury Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow No change No, yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Lead Red Orange + red No change No, red sediment present Black Orange + black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Orange yellowish No change No, yellow sediment present Green Greenish orange Clear green Yellow precipitate in very small amount White Orange + white Slightly colorless Yellow precipitate in very small amount Cobalt compound Red Faint red No change No, red sediment present Black Faint black No change No, black sediment present Yellow Faint yellow Solution turns slightly blue No, little yellow sediment present Green Faint green No change No, green sediment present White Faint white No change No, white sediment present Table 5 Qualitative data for NIPPON paint Below are results of data collected quantitatively Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.03 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Table 6 Qualitative data for NIPPON paint 7. Data Analysis 7.1 Data processing Calculation of percentage of precipitate formed at the end of the experiment The percentage of precipitate formed for every experiment is calculated by using the formula below: Mass of precipitate x 100% Mass of paint sample Formula 1 For this experiment, an assumption is made in order to calculate the percentage of precipitate formed as shown below: One drop of paint sample 0.01 cm3 Assumption 1 The assumption above is made because the volume of one drop of paint sample is too small to be measured. Therefore, the smallest reading possible is taken which is 0.01 cm3. However, the calculation is done only the experiments above shows formation of precipitate at the end of the experiments. The sediments are not included in the calculation because it still part of the paint and does not undergo any reaction. Therefore, all the calculation is shown below. A) NIPPON PAINT CADMIUM Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Percentage of cadmium in red paint = 0.02 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 200 % Percentage of cadmium in yellow paint = 0.01 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 100 % MERCURY Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. LEAD Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.04 Percentage of lead in green paint = 0.02 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 200 % Percentage of lead in white paint = 0.04 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 400 % COBALT COMPUND Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. Graph 1 Level of toxicity in percentage of NIPPON paint B) JOHTUN PAINT CADMIUM Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cadmium Red Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.03 Black No, black sediment present Yellow Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present Percentage of cadmium in red paint = 0.03 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 300 % Percentage of cadmium in yellow paint = 0.01 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 100 % MERCURY Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Mercury Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. LEAD Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Lead Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, yellow sediment present Green Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.01 White Yellow precipitate in very small amount 0.02 Percentage of lead in green paint = 0.01 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 100 % Percentage of lead in white paint = 0.02 cm3 x 100 % 0.01 cm3 = 200 % COBALT COMPUND Confirmatory test Color Presence of precipitate Mass of precipitate (0.01 g) Cobalt compound Red No, red sediment present Black No, black sediment present Yellow No, but solution turns to slightly blue Green No, green sediment present White No, white sediment present No calculation as there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. 7.1.1 Comparison of level of toxicity of NIPPON and JOHTUN paint Confirmatory test Color Level of toxicity NIPPON PAINT JOHTUN PAINT Cadmium Red 200% 300% Black Yellow 100% 100% Green White Mercury Red Black Yellow Green White Lead Red Black Yellow Green 200% 100% White 400% 200% Cobalt compound Red Black Yellow 400% 100% Green White Table 7 Comparison of level of toxicity of NIPPON and JOHTUN paint It is believed that all heavy metals elements present in paint are only one part of a very complex chemical formula present in the latex paint. Many chemicals are added into the paint making latex paint has composition of polymer having interpolymerized units that derive from styrene, methyl styrene, vinyl, or combinations thereof and units derived from one or more acrylates, methacrylates, acrylonitrile apart having the heavy metals elements.[5] Therefore, it is assumed that the entire heavy metals element present in the paint will dissolve in water forming ions and complex compounds. Therefore, generally, reaction that occurs is, AX A (heavy metals ions) + X (unknown complex compound bind to the ions) Equation 1 So, the reactions for heavy metal elements that occur are, Ionization of cadmium CdX(l) Cd2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 2 Ionization of mercury HgX(l) Hg2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 3 Ionization of lead PbX(l) Pb2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 4 Ionization of cobalt compounds CoX(s) Co2+(aq) + X(aq) Equation 5 Based on the experiment above, in experiment for testing the presence of cadmium, only red and yellow paint shows formation of yellow precipitate which is insoluble in water at the end of the experiment. The precipitate is actually cadmium sulfide which formed result of the reaction of cadmium ion in the paint with thioacetamide solution. Yellow precipitate also formed in experiment of confirmatory test for lead in white and green paint of both brand. The precipitate formed, lead (II) chromate, Pb2Cr2O4 was results of the reaction between lead ion, Pb2+ and potassium chromate, K2Cr2O4. Pb2+(aq) + Cr2O4 2- (l) Pb2Cr2O4(s) Equation 6 In experiment for confirmatory test for the presence of cobalt ion, Co2+ and mercury, Hg2+ there are no any precipitate formed. However, both brand of yellow paint shows changes when the solution change colour to slightly blue in test for cobalt ion at the end of the experiment. The changes of colour shows that [Co(NCS)4]2- which is blue in colour. Co2+ (aq) + KNCS( l) [Co(NCS)4]2- Equation 7 Despite of the result shows above, in experiment of confirmatory test for mercury, Hg2+ was the only experiment that shows no changes neither in colour nor formation of precipitate. Theoretically, mercury present in black paint and at the end of the experiment, a grayish precipitate should be formed indicating the presence of Hg2+ ion[6]. This will further explain under evaluation on why the result appears no change at all. 8. CONCLUSIONS AND EVALUATION 8.1 Conclusions Based on the experiment above, in all experiment of confirmatory test of all heavy metals ions, when mass of precipitate formed increases, then the level of toxicity in percentage of that paint is high. Therefore, hypothesis made for this experiment earlier is accepted. In experiment A, confirmatory test for cadmium ion, the mass of precipitate formed for red and yellow paint of NIPPON paint is 0.2 g and 0.1 g respectively. So, this makes the level of toxicity in percentage of cadmium in red and yellow paint is 200% and 100%. However, the red and yellow paint of JOHTUN paint has 0.3 g and 0.1 g of precipitate formed which makes the level of toxicity of 300% and 100% respectively. So, comparing of the level of toxicity between both brand, it shows that red NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity of cadmium than in red JOHTUN paint but has equal level of toxicity in yellow paint of both brand. For experiment B, about confirmatory test for mercury ions, there are no precipitate formed at the end of the experiment. So, it is concluded that there are no mercury ions present in both NIPPON and JOHTUN paint making both paint free of toxicity of mercury. Meanwhile, for experiment C, in confirmatory test for lead ions, precipitate formed in green and white paint of both NIPPON and JOHTUN paint. The mass of precipitate are 0.2 g with percentage of 200% for green paint and 0.4 g with percentage 400% for white paint of NIPPON paint. At the same time, in green JOHTUN paint, 0.1 g of precipitate formed with 100% and 0.2 g of precipitate formed in white paint with 200%. So, both green and white of NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity compared to JOHTUN paint. For the last experiment, confirmatory test of cobalt ions in experiment D, 0.4 g of precipitate formed in yellow NIPPON paint while in JOHTUN paint, only 0.1 g of precipitate is formed. So, the level of toxicity of cobalt ion in NIPPON paint with 400% is much higher than in JOHTUN paint with 100%. Overall, after analyzing and comparing of level of toxicity between NIPPON paint and JOHTUN paint, we can conclude that although the level of toxicity in both paint is very high, considering the percentage exceeds 100%, NIPPON paint has higher level of toxicity than in JOHTUN paint. So, both paint should be avoid to use widely as people will have very high risk in expose to high level of toxicity in NIPPON and JOHTUN paint. 8.2 Evaluations Although above experiments achieved the significance of this investigation, there are few limitations should be considered and can be improvise in order to get much more accurate results in future experiments. Firstly, in experiment A, confirmatory test for cadmium ions, it was hard to differentiate between yellow precipitate formed and yellow paint sediment when testing yellow paint sample. This is because, the yellow precipitate might be mixed together with yellow sediment at the end of the experiment. As a result, when it is weighed using with an electronic balance, the data might be the mass of mixture of the yellow precipitate together with yellow sediment instead of the mass of yellow precipitate as expected in this experiment. Therefore, in the future, right after the yellow paint is diluted, and dissolves completely in the distilled water, the yellow sediment is filtered out using filter funnel. Then only the experiment could be continue adding chemical solutions to test the presence of cadmium ions. Besides that, in experiment B, testing on the presence of mercury ions, there are no data obtained at the end of the experiment as all sample shows no change at all; neither in change of colour nor formation of precipitate. Theoretically, mercury ions, Hg2+ should be present in black paint. However, in his experiment, because of the complex chemical composition in paint, where the black paint usually made up of vermillion which contains mercury in it, so it might impossible to assume that Hg2+ could be extracted just by dissolving the paint in distilled water. Therefore, I believed that it is not advisable in doing further experiments in testing the presence of mercury ions. This is because, the experiment might be possible to be done by using more advance technologies and other chemical solutions. Other than that, the chemical reaction happen with precipitates formed significantly at the end of experiments, happens very slowly. The precipitates could only be obtained and measured using electronic balance after a day. Therefore, the experiments could be much faster if the mixture of paint sample and chemical solutions heated using a Bunsen burner. This is because when heat energy is apply on the mixture, it could increase the rate of collision of particles in the mixture causing more effective collision that cause reaction to happen. As a result, the rate of chemical reaction of heavy metal ions in this experiment would become much faster. 9. Further Research The data obtained from this experiment is important in order as guideline for all people when using paint in their households. Heavy metals are widely used by paint manufacturer to continuously making paint pigments without really considering the bad effect especially to peoples health if they been exposed to them for too long. Therefore it is important for all people to know the level of heavy metals present in the paint that they bought so that safety precautions can be taken seriously. Besides that, when the paint is applied on the wall, the smell or the odor of the paint is believed to have heavy metals ion which has been oxidized into thin air which could be inhale and would probably damage body system. Therefore, a research could be done how far this theory is true by doing experiments on presence of heavy metals in thin air when paint is applied. If this theory is proven true, then people all around the world should be alert about how paint that they used may cause cancer or skin diseases if they are exposed to the paint for a long time. Other than that, in these experiments only four heavy metals are investigated. Actually, there are many other types of paints which highly toxic because of the use of different heavy metals in the pigment. For example, barium yellow paint contains barium and chromates, Kings yellow paint contains arsenic, Emerald green paints contains arsenite, Lithopone paint which contains zinc sulfide and antimony black paint contains antimony sulfide and many more. I would suggest further experiments can be carried out in order to determine the level of these toxicity in other brands of paints which are widely used nowadays. APPENDIX The pictures below shows the changes of colour that should be get from the experiments; A) The presence of cadmium ions B) The presence of mercury ions C) The presence of lead ion D) The presence of cobalt ions Bibliography 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint, extracted on 12th September 2009 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_resin, extracted on 12th September 2009 3. https://www.rdmoney.com/paint_glossary.htm, extracted on 12th September 2009 4. https://www.freepatentsonline.com/7041727.html, extracted on 13th September 2009 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium, extracted on 21st September 2009 6. https://captainpackrat.com/furry/toxicity.htm, extracted on 1st October 2009 7. https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm, extracted on 1st October 2009 8. https://www.goldenpaints.com/justpaint/jp4article2.php, extracted on 1st October 2009 9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment, extracted on 15th January 2010 10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_red, extracted on 15th January 2010 11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_blue, extracted on 15th January 2010 12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_white, extracted on 15th January 2010 13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion, extracted on 15th January 2010 14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetamide, extracted on 15th January 2010 15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_paint, extracted on 15th January 2010 16. https://home.howstuffworks.com/latex-paint.htm, extracted on 15th January 2010 17. https://nwrenovation.com/painting-articles/the-pros-and-cons-of-latex-over-oil-based-paint/, extracted on 15th January 2010 18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint, extracted on 15th January 2010 19. https://www.epa.gov/kidshometour/products/lpaint.htm , extracted on 17th January 2010 20. https://www.eggtempera.com/toxicity.html, extracted on 17th January 2010 21. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002730.htm, extracted on 17th January 2010 22. https://painterforum.com/types.html, extracted on 17th January 2010 [1] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#CdS [2] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#HgS [3] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#HgS [4] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#cobalt [5] https://www.freepatentsonline.com/7041727.html [6] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm [7] https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#CdS https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#HgS https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#CdS https://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/confirm.htm#cobalt